Role Of Concurrent Engineering Information Technology Essay

Role Of Concurrent Engineering Information Technology Essay Concurrent engineering is basically a product development method and is quite different from the traditional development approach as it employs simultaneous rather than sequential process. The companies implementing CE feel that by completing tasks in parallel product development is accomplished more efficiently and it also saves cost. This is basically a management philosophy and any organization or company can implement this whether it small, medium or large. This is a systematic approach to the integrated concurrent design of products and their related processes including manufacture and support. The work is done through cross functional teams in which engineers and managers of different disciplines work together simultaneously in developing product and process design. Basic motive of this approach is that it cause the developers from the outset to consider all elements of the product life cycle from concept disposal which includes terms like quality, cost, schedule and user requirements. Concurrent engineering process is also known as iterative development method. It requires continual review of a teams progress and frequent revision of project plans. The rationale behind this creative thinking is forward looking approach which is beneficial because errors can be discovered easily and they are less costly to correct at initial stages. How to know whether the concurrent engineering is for a particular company or not? The following factors help to determine this:- If the company faces any kind of below given problem:- If there is competitive pressure to develop new products. If there exists any kind of delays in product launch. Budget of developing product is higher than acceptable. Customer requirements are not known clearly. No transfer of knowledge from one product development project to the next. Any kind of shifting of responsibility for product development from one function to another. Above were the factors that enable us to determine that whether the company requires adopting the process of concurrent engineering for product development or not. It is very important to know that whether the company has ability to implement the process in there company. Belows are the factors that help to learn that whether the organization will be able to implement the required process in there company or not. Is there willingness to change for improvement in the company? Is senior management that committed and dedicated to work? Able to encourage and support team work. DIAGRAMMTIC REPRESENTATION PRODUCT SPECIFICATION MARKETING CONCEPT ENGINEERI-NG DESIGN CONCURRENT PROCESS DETAIL ENGINEERI-NG DESIGN BUILD PRODUCT ENGINEERING TEST TEST ENGINEERING MANUFACTURE PURCHASING SELL SALES The above mentioned is the diagrammatic representation of process which includes product specification, concept, details, build-up, testing, manufacturing and selling too. The processes as shown in the diagram are two way processes errors are also simultaneously checked as thus its name is concurrent process. Key features of concurrent engineering DESCRIPTION OF CE This is a systematic approach to the integrated product development which emphasizes response to customer expectations and embodies team values of cooperation, trust and sharing in such a manner that decision making proceeds with large intervals of parallel working by all life-cycle perspectives synchronized, by comparatively brief exchanges. INCLUSIONS Things are done simultaneously Process is the main focus Company is open to change Needs of customers, suppliers, quality control, marketing, sales and manufacturers are balanced and prioritized. GOALS OF CE Great competition Leads to improved profits Sales and profits from new products are raised Leads to reduction of human and capital costs Maintains or increases product quality Promotes team spirit and different departments come together SCOPE OF CE The process change is implemented within 1-2 years. Involvement of people with stakes in new products Focus is basically on process improvements. STRATERGIC BENEFITS OF CONCURRENT ENGINEERING CE is a management philosophy which is dedicated to the improvement of customer satisfaction through improved quality and reduced costs. The development time also reduces. Time to market also reduces and leads to reconciliation of conflicting requirements in product development. DIFFICULTIES IN IMPLEMENTATION Below are the difficulties which companies normally face while implementing CE:- Implementation is a major challenge. Cross functional change initiatives have high rates of failures. It involves radical cultural change in an area that is extremely complex and pressurized. If management does not support the employees or there is inadequate reward systems or say customers or supplier involvement is not good. Computer aided designs and tools are no available. If there are inadequate training and expertise. If company faces difficulty in managing or controlling technical processes. SUCCESS FACTORS IN IMPLEMENTING CE Pilot projects Change agents Team enrolment Team engagement Gaining commitment of functional managers Realignment of organizational processes and structures. PILOT PROJECTS These projects are a popular way to achieve radical changes to current working practices on small organization, where conditions are controlled and are managed by seniors or project leaders. Introduction of pilot projects was done to reduce the scale of initial changes within organization and also to evaluate potential impact. By this method high levels of implementation cost, risk and time can be reduced. There are two sub-components of pilot projects. The first one is concerned with selection of right pilot. It is easier to select the appropriate project such that it is easy to demonstrate as success. But what happens in some organizations is that senior management is under time constraints and also sometimes the next project is classified as project. There are organizations that select pilot projects that are of low risk to organization and this is mainly done to reduce overall failure. The second sub component deals with the visibility and promotion of the project within the internal organization. Mostly the organizations consider pilot project as high profile. This leads to organizations profit margins, creates newness to market and senior managements efforts in internally symbolizing the project by the usage of posters, newsletters and all these activities improves overall competitive market position. CHANGE AGENTS Change agents demonstrate the senior management understanding of the amount of time and effort required in implementation of concurrent engineering successfully. Internal change agents include engineering champions, product champions, and organized change teams of individual from different levels of the organization containing both part time and full time members. Some have hierarchical change agents. It helps to change peoples values and behaviors. TEAM ENROLMENT Concurrent engineering involves the process of bringing together knowledge and expertise from different areas in early phases of product development process. Team development leads to improvement of informal communication and functional integration. The team members and leaders selection is done in informal and unstructured manner. This involves two important processes; team engagement is the very first process includes how team members and leaders are selected and how they are located to work as a team unit. The second process is of empowering the team to carry out its product development activities successfully. The two main elements are assignment of new roles and responsibilities for team members and leaders. TEAM ENGAGEMENT Tenure of Team Leader and Team Member Functional skills and expertise are not required at a consistent level throughout the project and in most organizations the combination of full-time and part time team members. Collocation The permanent collocation of core team members from different functional departments and the team leaders and dispersion of the extended team members was the most prevalent method of improving multi-disciplinary interaction. TEAM EMPOWERMENT Team empowerment incorporates clarifying team leaders and roles of team members and their responsibilities. Sometimes team leaders roles and responsibilities are generated through forma methods. The main purpose is to clarify the team members and leaders their roles and responsibilities within team working environment. In some of the organizations this is done basically to keep the employees focused and thus help them achieve there objective. This proves to be quite beneficial in the two early product development stages that are product specification and project plan. GAINING COMMITMENT OF FUNCTIONAL MANAGERS In organizations senior management and internal change agents tended to use functional managers to gain information. In some of the cases educators and informants of concurrent engineering are assigned home functions. REALIGNMENT OF ORGANISATIONAL PROCESSES AND STRUCTURES The changes are implemented in following areas:- Introduction to process improvement teams Education and training for teams Reward and recognition system Methods to transfer team knowledge EXTRA ROLES OF CONCURRENT ENGINEERING Over the last few years, there are many government sponsored and intiated studies have highlighted the need for the improvement of efficiency and competitiveness of the UK construction industry. This is done because it leads to reduce costs, project durations, improved quality, project procurement practices that are used in UK construction industry. It brings together multi disciplinary teams in which project developers from different areas work together and parallel. These cross functional contains systems engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, systems producibility. This process incorporates everything also the purchasing, marketing, production, quality assurance, the field and other functional groups. The implementation of CE involves three main areas which are people, process and technology. It includes major organizational changes because it requires the integration of people, business methods and technology. It has greater role in concurrent engineering in Weapon System Acquisition. There is greater role of concurrent engineering in human resource management. It is useful as a collaborative method for educational projects in engineering education. Role in education project is that it helps in setting up clear goal and define project boundaries for students and teachers, it helps define good structures for information handling, especially for supervisors and introduce a client role that continuously could define project requirements. There is greater role of concurrent engineering in the purchasing power. Companies that have implemented concurrent engineering report that they are producing higher quality products at lower costs and in less time than they were able to previously. It involves self management and leadership. CE plays an important role in product modeling. It also plays a vital role in system engineering management. EXAMPLES OF CONCURRENT ENGINEERING General electric aircraft engines divisions uses concurrent engineering for the development of engine. The teams achieved greater percentage reductions in design and procurement cycle times during full scale component tests. Second example is that of Boeings Ballistic Systems Division where concurrent engineering was used in 1988 to develop a mobile launcher and was able to reduce design by 40% and cost by 10% in building proto-type. Third example can be of Polaroids Corps Captiva instant camera which is again the result of concurrent engineering. ADVANTAGES Concurrent engineering practitioners claim that this design management system offers several benefits. Concurrent Engineering leads to: Improved customer satisfaction Improved quality Reduced cost Reduced new product development time Reduced time to market DISADVANTAGES There are some drawbacks associated with the initial implementation of concurrent engineering, including the need for considerable organizational restructuring and extensive retraining of workers. Such potentially disruptive changes and added work requirements may be met with resistance from managers and other employees. Also, there are usually considerable difficulties in transferring data among employees in different departments, which may require the additional tracking software applications. In addition to these significant up-front investments, organizations pursuing a concurrent engineering work model must typically wait several years before seeing the benefits of this transition.

Reconstruction after the civil war

After much trial and tribulation that our exasperated country has faced, we all still gather here today in order to follow a long tradition of George Washington, a founding father and cherished president who gave and set precedent to all the new leaders who soon will follow the same path of presidency. A path followed by great accomplishments of the Grant administration, has helped to set a rolling future for the united States and now we will Improve upon the Grant administration using It as a stepping stone to once again unite the country.Now that the sure wind of war thin our country has prevailed we must continue to rebuild upon the accomplishments of the Grant Administration. We must rebuild within our trust with other human beings and rebuild within the large battered roads of this nation. Though much has been done in the last presidency, there is still ton more to accomplish. Likewise the efforts of before have helped me gain a foot on the task to better our united nation. Look ing back the last few years, already have we recovered from the tribulation of Civil War.We have started the healing process between the different races that were pitted against each other but now stand as brothers. The recent Call Rights Acts and the passing of the 1 5th Amendment have helped to guarantee and ensure the equal Civil Rights that all men will share and all able to be comprised under the glorious Constitution. Yet throughout the years we have also placed ourselves in the continued process of reconstruction in which we have rid the terrors of extremists groups but also have accomplished the first steps of reunion with the Southern states.Likewise, these efforts to heal the previous tension have been done to almost a full recovery. Many former rebels have been pardoned and owe the first steps to a unified country have put under way by the removal of many federal soldiers. The vanquishing of the post war tensions has been successful but now we must continue and move forwa rd. The reality is that all races much make the effort to live harmoniously with sympathy and empathy through the eyes of each individual.And through the government will the Constitutional rights of all men be upheld as shall the eradication of prejudice of others In order to keep this nation prosperous. In order to end the final lasting tensions of this era, we will make sure to eve the well waited autonomy of the last few southern states. We will make sure to relieve them of the pressure that federal troops have brought in the states of Louisiana and South Carolina. Through this progress we must also put in an investment to Americas' future in education.With support of the government it will be a priority to make sure education is available to everyone, for with this we can move forward and develop a bright future through the youth at the moment. Universal education and improvements in the intellectual and moral conductivity is the root to all prosperity. The interest to better so ciety Is In equality of both colored and white people, for the perseverance of everyone Is needed to make these new Improvements In equality and education. Again we have been In depression within our manufacturing and commercial Industries.For sure this will come to an end. In need we must comply that a papered currency Is unreliable and accustomed to fluctuate. Likewise the best way to back this is with a coin based currency where that I will keep as my honored predecessor, President Grant, who made sure to preserve the peace between us and foreign powers. If those countries that require aid need it, without disposition we will help in a peaceful and honorable way so we can create mutual understandings to the entire world[K] .Grieving once again to bring forward this nation I ask all of you: Farmers, lawyers, doctors, politicians, judges, and citizens to Join me in this movement to restore our country to the divine rights that we all share. To help in earnest efforts to rekindle th e unity we all share in order for every man no matter color to achieve the pursuit of happiness and without fail grasp the happiness that we all will share together.

“Gender” and the Importance of “the Social Construction of Gender.”

â€Å"Gender† and the Importance of â€Å"The Social Construction of Gender. † Gender is an individual's natural sense of themselves existing as a male or female, which may hold opposing views from their biological sex. I believe sex and gender are two terms used interchangeably. Sex implies the biological characteristics among females and males. Whereas gender implies the social qualities connected with being a female or male.As Lorber states, â€Å"I am arguing that bodies differ physiologically, but they are completely transformed by social practices to fit into the salient categories of a society, the most persuasive of which are’female’ and ‘male’ and ‘women’ and ‘men’. † (pg. 11) An emphasis on gender not only exposes knowledge about women and men’s different familiarities; it also illustrates the embedded politics and stereotypes about men and women. Social construction of gender is generally conf erred by the distinction of biological differences of males and females. Such as, men are biologically aggressive and women are rather more passive.Gender is socially constructed and a product of sociocultural impacts all the way through an individual's growth. Gender identity can be modified by and detached from one society to another varying on the individual’s dedication to their society and their weigh on the view of females and males. Frequently people mistake or misappropriate the terms gender and sex. To make the discrepancy more concise one could deliberate that we inherit the sex but we learn our gender. Gender could be a fundamental characteristic of society and the sociological importance of gender that it is a system by which society governs its associates.Gender comparable to social class and race can be expended to socially classify individuals and even steer to prejudice and discrimination. When there is a distinction in the behavior of people centered on their sex, many would express this as sexism. This inequality around the world demonstrates that gender identity is swayed by social standards and has little to do with biological distinctions Society forms individual’s gender and groups its members comparable as many do with age, ethnicity, race, social class and status.However, by labeling according to gender is another way of swaying members of a society and to encourage inequalities. There are recognizable biological and culture differences amid the two sexes but we cannot use these variances to reason our conclusions and deliver stereotyped ideas about gender. Another form of sexism is portrayed by damaging stereotypical interpretations in the direction of women. For instance, sexism ideas of women are concentrated on the beliefs that women are secondary to men due to insignificant ideas that one can hold again women.One mark of gender socialization is the configuration of gender identity, which is one’s distinction of oneself as a man or woman. Gender identity molds how we judge others and ourselves which then impacts our actions. For instance, gender distinctions are present in the possibility of drug and alcohol abuse, violent atmospheres, and depression. Gender identity furthermore has an predominantly powerful effect on our emotions about our exterior reflection and our body image.Broadminded feminists reason that gender inequality is applicable from past traditions that create obstacles to women’s development. It underlines individual moralities and equal opportunity as the foundation for social justice and reform. These feminists, alternatively, debate that the root of women’s oppression resides with the system of capitalism. Since women are inexpensive when it comes to labor rates, they are taken advantage of by capitalism, which in return composes them to a smaller amount of authority both as women and as workers.Lastly, feminists see social systems wherein men dominate as the principal grounds of women’s oppression and debate that women’s oppression is within men’s control over women’s bodies. As conveys, â€Å"Women are less powerful than men in the society, they are often stigmatized because of their bodies and its functions, and they are regular targets of symbolic and physical abuse from males. † There is much deliberation between the means of social construction and deconstruction of sex, gender, and sexuality because of the ever changing sex and gender identities.As Ferber states, â€Å"I argue that race and gender identities are constructed and inequality is maintained through the regulation of sexual practices. I offer a deconstructionist approach that is at the same time intersectional-exploring the intersections of race, sex, gender and sexuality. † (pg. 93) A viewpoint about what a male and female is or what society considers they should be is raised in every culture. Women, for instance, are expec ted to be more drawn to things like fashion and worry significantly about their appearance.In contrast, men should be less absorbed on these fixations. When we are raised in a distinctive culture we engross ideas of what is expected of us from our parents, peers and the media. Most individuals then accommodate their actions, manners and pleasures in life to more closely fit society’s viewpoints. Although many don't unseeingly adhere to the socially constructed gender roles many of societies norms are developed and internalized by us as individuals and generally turn out to be part of our individuality.

Futures and Options Market Free Essay Example, 2000 words

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